CSS design patterns
These examples are for documenting CSS-specific design patterns like BEM, OOCSS, and SMACSS.
These examples are NOT for documenting CSS frameworks like Bootstrap or Foundation.
BEM
BEM stands for Blocks, Elements, and Modifiers. It's a methodology initially conceived by Russian tech company Yandex, but which gained quite some traction among American & Western-European web developers as well.
As the same implies, BEM methodology is all about the componentization of your HTML and CSS code into three types of components:
- Blocks: standalone entities that are meaningful on their own - Examples are header, container, menu, checkbox & textbox
- Elements: Part of blocks that have no standalone meaning and are semantically tied to their blocks. Examples = are menu item, list item, checkbox caption & header title
- Modifiers: Flags on a block or element, used to change the appearance or behavior Examples - are disabled, highlighted, checked, fixed, size big & color yellow
The goal of BEM is to keep optimize the readability, maintainability and flexibility of your CSS code. The way to achieve this is to apply the following rules.
- Block styles are never dependent on other elements on a page
- Blocks should have a simple, short name and avoid _ or - characters
- When styling elements, use selectors of format blockname__elementname
- When styling modifiers, use selectors of format block name--modifier name and blockname__elementname-- modifier name
- Elements or blocks that have modifiers should inherit everything from the block or element it is modifying except the properties the modifier is supposed to modify
Code example
If you apply BEM to your form elements, your CSS selectors should look something like this:
.form { } // Block
.form--theme-xmas { } // Block + modifier
.form--simple { } // Block + modifier
.form__input { } // Block > element
.form__submit { } // Block > element
.form__submit--disabled { } // Block > element + modifier
The corresponding HTML should look something like this:
<form class="form form--theme-xmas form--simple">
<input class="form__input" type="text" />
<input class="form__submit form__submit--disabled" type="submit" />
</form>
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